This research aimed to reduce the variability on the data obtained from differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis of the isothermal crystallization kinetics of cocoa butter.
To enable transformation of the DSC crystallization peak to a sigmoid crystallization curve, the DSC peak area has to be integrated. Usually, the start and end points of the crystallization peak are determined visually. The result of this visual determination appeared to be very much dependent on the operator, but also differed considerably when the same operator performed the integration several times. By proposing an objective calculation algorithm to determine the start and end points of integration, the variability caused by the operator during the integration procedure could be eliminated. Furthermore, sample preparation and the DSC heating protocol to melt the sample prior to crystallization were studied. Three heating protocols (65 °C for 15 min, 65 °C for 30 min and 80 °C for 15 min) were compared and it was shown that holding at 65 °C for 15 min was sufficient to eliminate any influence of sample history. Two different sample preparation procedures were compared and it appeared that a change in sample preparation procedure had a significant influence on the measured crystallization process. It is thus important to keep this method constant to eliminate the variability caused by it. 相似文献
We relate the equisingular deformation theory of plane curve singularities and sandwiched surface singularities. We show the existence of a smooth map between the two corresponding deformation functors and study the kernel of this map. In particular we show that the map is an isomorphism when a certain invariant is large enough. 相似文献
An experimental method is developed to examine the near tip deformation at the mesoscopic scale level. The differential interference contrast (DIC) method is used by application of the Nomarski prism in polarized microscope for measuring the out of surface deformation. The method is very sensitive to small height changes detected by different interference color. Discussed are results for the crack tip deformation field. 相似文献
Luminescence characteristics of a number of undoped and variously doped PbWO4 crystals were studied at 0.4–400 K by the time-resolved spectroscopy and compared with those of ZnWO4,CdWO4 and PbMoO4 crystals. Two types of green emission centres are detected in PbWO4 crystals. The centres of the first type are responsible for the low-temperature 2.3–2.4 eV emission observed under excitation around 3.90–3.95 eV. The structure and parameters of their relaxed excited states were determined. It was concluded that the origin of defects responsible for the green emission of the first type could vary for different crystals. The centres of the second type with the emission around 2.5 eV appear in crystals containing oxygen vacancies after the thermal destruction of Pb+-WO3 centres at T>180 K. Decomposition of the exciton and various defect-related states was also studied, and activation energies of this process were calculated. 相似文献